Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 29(2019) 222-232

Electrodeposition of nickel from alkaline NH₄OH/NH₄Cl buffer solutions

Piotr M. SKITAL, PrzemysLaw T. SANECKI, Dorota SALETNIK, Jan KALEMBKIEWICZ

Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland

Received 2 March 2018; accepted 28 June 2018

Abstract: The electrodeposition of nickel on steel and copper from alkaline NH₄OH/NH₄Cl buffer solutions was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry (CP), chronoamperometry (CA) as well as an opto-digital microscope, glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES), XRF, and SEM-EDS techniques. The aim was to obtain Ni coatings from weak alkaline solutions and to optimize the process. The electrolyte composition, pH, temperature as well as current and potential parameters of the process were optimized using the quality of Ni deposit as a criterion. The role of hydrogen evolution in the process was discussed. An influence of Co as an additive was also investigated. It was found that a small amount of Co catalyzes Ni deposition process and improves the quality and color of the deposit. Therefore, in the possible application, the Ni/Co codeposition should be seriously considered. It was also shown that for constant current deposition mode, the width of self-established potential range, revealed at the very beginning of the process by the chronopotentiometric E=f(t) curves, is related to the quality of the coating.

Key words: nickel; cobalt; electrodeposition; ammonia buffer solution

1 Introduction

Nickel electrodeposition is a very important process due to its widely practical application for technical, protective and decorative purposes. Generally, classic Watts type acidic baths at pH of 4.7-5, described in many papers e.g. [1-6], are used for bright, semi-bright and matt nickel plating. Moreover, a number of papers described the respective codeposition: Ni/Co [7-11], Ni/Zn [12,13], Ni/Fe [14], Ni/Cr [15], Ni/Al [16], Co/Ni/ Fe [17], Ni/TiO₂ [18] and Ni/TiN [19] codeposition. The nickel deposition is connected with hydrogen evolution since the process is catalyzed by the presence of metallic nickel [9]. The presence of chloride anions is required to maintain a constant concentration of Ni²⁺ cations by means of nickel anode dissolution.

The advantages of Watts type acidic baths probably made a situation, where an alternative is rarely sought. Their problem is the hydrogen evolution and the associated decrease in current efficiency and metal surface hydrogenation [20]. Nevertheless, attempts to apply slightly alkaline solutions were described in Refs. [21-23] and the limitation of hydrogen evolution was raised as an advantage. In contrast to acidic baths, the application of alkali ones was the interest of a very few papers for Ni deposition alone [21-23] and Ni/Zn codeposition [24]. ZHENG et al [21] focused on obtaining black nickel on RuO₂/Ti electrode. ZHENG et al [22] investigated testing of nickel electroplating in a solution containing ammonia and chloride without sulfate ions. The quality of the coatings and their possible usefulness were not investigated, and the focus was to achieve high current efficiency. GRUJICIC and PESIC [23] focused on the examination of the mechanism realized at vitreous carbon electrode by cyclic voltammerotry (CV) method and not on obtaining nickel coatings.

Currently, there are no complete data to estimate the possibility of mildly alkaline solutions industrial application. In respective patents [25-28], mainly the series of brighteners for such mildly alkaline nickel plating solutions are described. Therefore, in the present work, to assess the value of nickel deposition process from ammonia alkaline solutions, the process was investigated and optimized by the selection of bath composition, pH, current density, potential, temperature as well as the codeposition with cobalt. The properties of obtained deposits were compared with those obtained by using classical Watts baths.

2 Experimental

2.1 Apparatus

The (chronopotentiometry) (CP), cyclic volta- mmetry CV, chronoamperometry (CA) experiments were carried out by means of PGSTAT100 potentiostat/ galvanostat with high current module BOOSTER10A (AUTOLAB). All potentials are related to SCE (saturated calomel electrode) reference electrode. The reference electrode was placed in the investigated solution. Its temperature was the same as that of the bath. The potential of the SCE at 40 °C, in which most experiments were done, was assumed as a standard (0.234 V). The potential of SCE at other temperatures (20, 30, 50 and 60 °C) was recalculated to this standard. The difference of 20 °C corresponds to potential value of  13.4 mV (-0.67 mV/°C). Microscopic images, as well as the surface roughness of the samples, were recorded  by means of DSX500i opto-digital microscope (OLYMPUS).

The samples with deposited Ni and Ni/Co coatings were investigated by GD-OES technique with the use of GDS GD PROFILER HR spectrometer and by XRF technique with the use of ARL ADVANT′XP Sequential XRF X-ray spectrometer. Electronic scanning microscope (Hitachi S-3400N) was also used in the following settings: high vacuum mode (HV), secondary electron beam detector (SE), 20 kV acceleration voltage, spot size <100 nm, magnification 5x to 300000x. Due to the high surface homogeneity, three areas were selected for each sample. Chemical composition analysis was performed by X-ray diffraction (EDS) analysis in the areas marked with a photo frame. The results of the EDS analysis are presented in the form of X-ray spectrum (qualitative analysis) and as a report of chemical element content (quantitative analysis).

2.2 Experimental procedures

The electrodeposition process was carried out by using baker-type electrolyzer with two Ni plate anodes and one cathode located mutually parallel. The total volume of the electrolyte was 100 mL. Electrode dimensions were 13.5 cm × 2.5 cm for both anodes and 12 cm × 2 cm for the cathode; working surface of the cathode was 14 cm² (both sides) for CP, CA experiments and 8 cm² for CV experiment. Regardless of the electrolysis current, the process was carried out until it reached the same electric charge (Q=336 C); it corresponds to the theoretical Ni layer thickness of 8.2 μm. The process was carried out in the following temperature regimes: 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C.

Before deposition, steel samples were electro- polished for 10 min in solution: 600 mL 85% H₃PO₄, 370 mL 96% H₂SO₄, 30 mL H₂O; current density 0.23 A/cm²; immersed surface of sample 24-28 cm². The copper samples were electropolished for 10 min in solution: 700 mL 85% H₃PO_4, 350 mL H₂O, current density 0.38 A/cm²; followed by immersing in 65% HNO₃ (HNO₃/H₂O volume ratio of 1:1) solution for 1 s.

2.3 Compositions of baths

Solution 1 for Ni deposition (S1) contained 0.5 mol/L NiSO₄, 1 mol/L NH₄OH, 0.9 mol/L (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.5 mol/L NH₄Cl. Final pH=7.7, 8.4 or 9.4 was established with the use of NH₄OH or H₂SO₄ solution. Solution 2 for Ni deposition (S2) contained 0.5 mol/L NiSO₄, 1 mol/L NH₄OH, 0.9 mol/L (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.5 mol/L NH₄Cl, 1×10^-6, 10×10^-6, 100×10^-6, 1000×10^-6 and 10000×10^-6 C₆H₅SO₃Na (SDS). Final pH of S2 was 8.4. Solution 3 for Ni and Co codeposition (S3) contained 0.5 mol/L NiSO₄, 1 mol/L NH₄OH, 0.9 mol/L (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.5 mol/L NH₄Cl, 0.025 mol/L CoCl₂·6H₂O. Final pH of S3 was 8.2. The content of Ni²⁺ in the solutions used for deposition was controlled with the use of colorimetric method at λ=360 nm and 578 nm (Hitachi 5100). The results indicate that the constant level of Ni²⁺ is maintained, provided that the hydrogen evolution is kept under 5% of current efficiency. If the evolution of hydrogen increases, the concentration of Ni²⁺ in the bath (2%-4%) slightly increases. During the preparation of mildly alkaline NH₄OH/NH₄Cl buffer solutions S1, S2 and S3 in the presence of NH₄Cl, no nickel hydroxide precipitates unless pH is below 7.7. On the contrary, in the absence of NH₄Cl, an addition of NH₄OH into the Ni²⁺ solution produces a precipitate which is soluble in the excess of reagent, although a small amount of Ni(OH)₂ remains insoluble. The electrolyte composition was controlled by spectrophotometry of Ni²⁺ ions in solution (Ni²⁺ concentration), pH (NH₃ concentration) and conductivity measurement. The evaporation of NH₃ was not a problem since pH did not change during the course of the experiment. Solution 4 for electroless Ni deposition (S4) contained solution 4A (0.084 mol/L NiCl₂·6H₂O) and solution 4B (0.24 mol/L NaH₂PO₂·H₂O, 0.12 mol/L CH₃COONa, pH=7.3). Solutions 4A and 4B were mixed at a volume ratio of 1:1. The deposition process was carried out at 90-95 °C. Watts type solution contained 58.5 g NiSO₄·6H₂O, 7.5 g NiCl₂·6H₂O and 10 g H₃BO₃, refilled with water to 250 mL; it corresponded to 0.89 mol/L NiSO₄·6H₂O, 0.13 mol/L NiCl₂·6H₂O and 0.65 mol/L H₃BO₃.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Results of constant current electrolysis (CCE) method

The results of Ni deposition, in a form of images of the steel/Ni samples at pH=7.7, 8.4 and 9.4, are presented in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Deposition of nickel in alkaline ammonia solutions at different pH and current density values (CCE mode)

The results in Fig. 1 give important information regarding the evolution of hydrogen and the quality of the coating. Current density and pH were applied as the input variables. At pH=9.4, visible spots of thinner nickel layer are obtained. Evidently, the slow evolution of hydrogen generates its standstill (anchored) bubbles on the surface which block the surface at these points. Moreover, for samples obtained with a current efficiency less than 96% (Fig. 1, pH=8.4), where hydrogen evolution is more intensive, the effect does not occur. Generally, at any pH value, hydrogen evolution should be kept intensively enough to obtain a good quality smooth deposit without spots which can be easily regulated by current density. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) process is tightly linked with current efficiency, determined from the mass of the deposited metal and respective charge exchange (Table 1). The current efficiency of the Ni deposition process with the simultaneously occurring HER was found to be relatively high in all cases including optimized conditions (pH=8.4, 3 A/dm²).

Table 1 Current efficiencies at various pH values (Solution S1)

The microscopic images of the samples from Fig. 1 and Table 1 are presented in Fig. 2. The data of Fig. 1 and Table 1 allowed for the optimization of the hydrogen evolution process by setting the current density and pH. Increasing current efficiency to about 98% is associated with a decrease in the quality of the coating (Fig. 1, Table 1). Therefore, a slightly lower current efficiency had to be accepted in favor of the quality of the coating. Furthermore, Fig. 2 allowed for the evaluation of grain size and detection of possible cracks in the coating. The results also lead to the choice of pH=8.4 and current density 3 A/dm². On the other hand, Figs. 2(c), (e), and (g) indicate the same quality of coating obtained at different pH and current density values.

Further information about the process was obtained with the use of CP technique, equivalent to constant current electrolysis (CCE). The results in Fig. 1 and, more importantly, corresponding to data in Fig. 3 indicate that deposition potential should be less negative than -1.30 V to avoid a higher contribution of hydrogen evolution and more negative than -1.23 V to keep the effective process of nickel deposition. This range of potential maintains the hydrogen evolution on a proper level. The E=f(t) plots in Fig. 3 provide relevant data on the role of potential value in applied CCE technique. Figure 3 indicates that the deposition potential range from -1.23 to -1.30 V takes place for the curves 3, 5, and 7. For curve 7, the range is relatively wide (ΔE=37 mV), which means that the consecutive layers were deposited at various potentials. In contrast, for curve 5 the whole layer was deposited in a narrow potential range (ΔE=13 mV), which corresponds to Figs. 1 and 2(e) at pH=8.4 and 3 A/dm². Equally, curve 3 of Fig. 3 with ΔE=22 mV corresponds to Figs. 1 and Fig. 2(c) at pH=7.7 and 4 A/dm².

The potential shift of Ni deposition towards more negative values with the increase of pH value, observed in Fig. 3, should be interpreted. The current efficiency for the simultaneously occurring hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is low in all cases (less than 8%); therefore, the influence of the HER can be neglected, at least at not very high current density. The observed trend points out the increasing complexation of Ni²⁺ ions in the solution. At pH values of 7.7, 8.4, and 9.4, the molar ratios of Ni/NH₃ are approximately 1:1, 1:2, and 1:6, respectively. Therefore, decreasing this molar ratio should lead to a decrease of Ni²⁺ ions concentration. Simultaneously, a Nernstian negative potential shift ΔE_PL (a shift of the current plateau) should occur, which is observed in practice. The conversion of ΔE_PL parameter onto a decrease of Ni²⁺ ions concentration is shown in Table 2. Approximate Ni²⁺ concentration changes were calculated from electrochemical data namely ΔE/ΔpH and the Nernst equation.

Fig. 2 Microscopic images of samples from Fig. 1 showing comparison of various nickel layers deposited on steel at different current densities of 2 A/dm² (a, d, g), 3 A/dm² (b, e, h), and 4 A/dm² (c, f, i) and different pH values of 7.7 (a, b, c), 8.4 (d, e, f), and 9.4 (g, h, i)

Fig. 3 Nickel electrodeposition from alkaline solutions

On the other hand, the known values of stability constants β₁, β₂ and β₆ for nickel complexes make it possible to estimate the values of free Ni²⁺ ion concentration. The calculation for solution S1 at pH values of 7.7, 8.4, and 9.4 gives the approximate free Ni²⁺ ion concentration values of 1.8×10^–3, 5.6×10^–6 and 2.2×10^–12, respectively. The Ni²⁺ concentration, calculated from β₁ and β₂, decreased by a factor of 321. This is in consistency with the respective change calculated from electrochemical data (Table 2) where the Ni²⁺ concentration decreased by a factor of 251.

A question arises, of which ammonia complex among possible NiL_n, n=1-6 is the dominant form in the investigated solution. For this purpose, spectral UV-Vis studies of Ni complexes were performed for solutions with different molar ratios of Ni/NH₃ (Figs. 4(a) and (b)). The results indicate that starting from the molar ratio of Ni/NH₃ being 1:3 and above, the positions of absorption peaks at approximately 600 and 360 nm remain constant. The green color of the solution at molar ratios of Ni/NH₃ being 1:0 and 1:0.5 corresponds to Ni²⁺ aqua complex, blue color at molar ratios of Ni/NH₃ being 1:1 and more corresponds to the ammonia complex. The molar ratio of Ni/NH₃ being 1:2, selected as optimization for deposit quality, corresponds mainly to NiL₂ complex since lg β₁=2.75 and lg β₂=4.95 [29].

On the basis of the results obtained so far (Figs. 1-3), the optimum for Ni deposition on steel consists of the bath with pH=8.4, T=40 °C, current density 3 A/dm², and the resulting current efficiency is 97%. The choice of temperature parameter should be also a result of the optimization process. The respective experimental data are presented in Fig. 5(a). The E=f(t) response of CP technique also depends on temperature (Fig. 5(b)).

Table 2 Processing of data in Fig. 3

Fig. 4 UV-Vis spectra of 0.5 mol/L Ni²⁺ in mol/L NH₄Cl solution with different molar ratios of Ni²⁺/NH₃ at different pH values (a) and optimized pH=8.4 (b)

Fig. 5 Influence of temperature on quality of electrodeposited Ni (Deposit obtained at 20 °C shows cracks) (a) and influence of temperature on Ni electrodeposition process (CP responses were obtained in optimized solution (pH=8.4, 3 A/dm²) at different temperatures; deposition technique: CCE (equivalent to CP)) (b)

Data in Fig. 5 allow for temperature optimization and suggest that 40 °C is the best with the lowest grain size, which is in line with the early choice. Besides, the experimental results indicate that the best quality of deposit (Fig. 5(a)) corresponds to the narrowest ΔE interval in E=f(t), i.e. CP response at 40 °C (Fig. 5(b)). A cracked deposit occurs in cases when ΔE interval is wider (Fig. 5, 20 °C). A similar conclusion was derived from results in Fig. 3. The results in Figs. 3 and 5(b) are summarized as follows: the best quality of deposits corresponds to the narrowest ΔE interval in E=f(t) response, revealed with the use of CP technique. This experimental fact suggests that a fast potential fixing in constant current technique promotes good quality of the coating.

A comparison of Ni deposit on steel and copper is presented in Fig. 6. It is worth mentioning that the microscopic images of Ni deposit obtained on steel and copper are almost identical with that obtained by chemical electroless Ni deposition (results not shown).

The same bath and conditions are optimum for Ni deposition on a copper surface (Fig. 6).

The morphologies of the Ni coatings electro- deposited on steel and copper substrates under identical conditions are not identical (Fig. 6). Generally, in electroplating, the properties of a deposit depend on background kind, its properties, and structure.

3.2 Results of constant potential electrolysis (CPE) method

Figure 7 shows nickel eletrodeposition from alkaline solutions by CPE at pH=8.4 and different deposition potentials and effect of potential on deposition process in solution S1 at pH=8.4. The results obtained by constant potential electrolysis (CPE), at optimized pH=8.4 (Fig. 7(b)), indicate that there exists a good relevance to the results obtained by means of constant current electrolysis (CCE). The potential value and the resulting current are responsible for the obtained structure. For small values of potential (-1.05 to  -1.10 V), which correspond to low values of current (Fig. 7(a)), bright coatings are obtained (pictures a₁ and b₁ in Fig. 7(a)). An increase of negative potential results in matte coatings (pictures d₁, e₁ and f₁ in Fig. 7(a), E is from -1.23 to -1.30 V). A further shift of potential towards more intense hydrogen evolution leads to the destruction of the coatings by severe stresses and cracks (pictures g₁ and h₁ in Fig. 7(a); more negative than -1.30 V). The constant potential electrolysis results suggest the potential range of -1.23 to -1.30 V is optimal which remains in full compliance with the results obtained indirectly by CCE method, namely -1.23 to -1.30 V (Section 3.1, Figs. 2(c), (e) and (g)).

Fig. 6 Comparison of Ni deposits on steel (a) and copper (b) at pH=8.4, 3 A/dm² in solution S1 with deposition technique of CCE

3.3 Further optimization of Ni electrodeposition

To improve the quality of nickel coatings, WU et al [10] included Co as a co-deposited metal. The quoted authors reported, among others, that for 2.5% cobalt content in the coating, a silver-white layer can be obtained. The codeposition of Ni/Co alloys was also extensively investigated by VAZQUEZ-ARENAS et al [8,9]. Our results indicate that a small amount of Co ions in the bath (solution S3, 4.78% Co in the sum of Ni and Co inserted) give a brighter and smoother nickel coating. In turn, the content of Co in Ni/Co deposit, determined with the use of several spectral techniques, is 5.2%-5.8%. Current vs potential characteristics of Ni and Co are shifted relative to each other by about 160 mV at I=-0.4 A (Fig. 8). Figure 8 shows that Co catalyzes nickel deposition and indirectly reduces the hydrogen evolution. Cobalt codeposition also makes it possible to apply a higher current regime. It is worth mentioning that cyclic voltammetry (CV) deposition technique (CV electrolysis, CVE) was chosen as the best technique for the copper deposition [30,31].

To show that the additives applied to Watts type baths can also be applied for the alkaline ones, a typical additive i.e. sodium benzenesulfonate (SDS) was checked. The results (Fig. 9) indicate that the brightening effect also appears in the alkaline solution. The optimum concentration of SDS was 1000×10^-6 (mass fraction). The influence of SDS concentration is also visible in CP responses (Fig. 9). Figure 9 indicates both catalytic and inhibitory effects, characteristic for the adsorption of inert organic compounds on electrodes [32].

Fig. 7 Nickel electrodeposition from alkaline solutions by CPE at pH=8.4 and deposition potentials of -1.05 V (a₁), -1.10 V (b₁), -1.15 V (c₁), -1.23 V (d₁), -1.25 V (e₁), -1.30 V (f₁), -1.35 V (g₁) and -1.40 V (h₁) (a) and effect of potential on deposition process in solution S1 at pH=8.4 (b)

Fig. 8 Comparison of Ni and Ni/Co deposits obtained by CVE mode: (a, b) Deposits obtained on steel with their respective microscopic images for Ni (a) and Ni/Co (b); (c) CV responses

Fig. 9 Effect of SDS concentration on microscopic image of Ni deposit (Deposition technique: CCE; solution S2; SDS concentration: 0-10000×10^-6; current efficiency: 90%-91%) (a) and effect of SDS concentration on CP responses (Deposition technique: CCE; solution S2) (b)

Fig. 10 Overview of roughness describing parameters for all experimentally obtained Ni and Ni/Co deposits

The roughness of metallic deposit is an important parameter which was determined by using a specified option of the applied microscope. Figure 10 presents the representative results of such a determination. The roughness values of deposits were compared with those of steel and copper bases. The roughness differences between samples are significant but not high due to the fact that all samples were electropolished before deposition (samples 1 vs 2 and 3 vs 4) to obtain repetitive results. Moreover, the state of the metal surface also determines the quality of the coating. The results support the correctness of the presented optimization of the mildly alkaline bath since the lowest roughness results were obtained under the optimized conditions of the process (pH=8.4, J=3 A/dm², T=40 °C). It is visible for the pairs: samples 9 vs 6 and 12 (pH criterion choice); samples 9 vs 8 and 10 (J criterion choice); samples 21 vs 19, 20 and 22, 23 (T criterion choice).

3.4 Composition and structure of optimized Ni and Ni/Co coatings

Table 3 Compositions of Ni and Ni/Co coatings obtained by GD-OES, XRF and EDS methods

The compositions of Ni and Ni/Co coatings are presented in Table 3. Three spectroscopic techniques (GD-OES, XRF, and SEM-EDS) were used to check the composition of the coatings. A confirmation of the composition was obtained for a pure Ni coating, where, depending on the technique, 100% or 96.8% Ni was determined (Table 3). The oxygen content was also determined to evaluate the degree of coating oxidation. In turn, the Ni/Co layer composition, mentioned in Section 3.3, depending on the technique, was determined as 5.2% and 5.6% of Co (GD-OES and XRF, respectively). The SEM-EDS method, based on a small surface sample, gave 7.4% of Co (Table 3). The Co content obtained by SEM-EDS method is higher in comparison to GD-OES method. The discrepancy can arise from the fact that Co peak is coupled with one of three Fe peaks. Therefore, the most reliable Co content in the coating is 5.2%-5.6% (Table 3). Since the participation of Co in optimized bath composition is 4.78% in the sum of Ni and Co, an enrichment of the layer in this component occurs. GD-OES technique determines not only the surface composition of the layer, but also the composition profiles along the entire deposited coating (Fig. 11). Figure 11 shows a comparison of the surfaces of pure Ni and Ni/Co coatings and images were recorded with SEM.

Fig. 11 SEM images of optimized Ni (a, a') and Ni/Co (b, b') coatings, and GD-OES content (at.%) profiles of optimized Ni (c, c') and Ni/Co (d, d') coatings

4 Conclusions

(1) The optimized conditions for Ni plating in ammonia alkaline solution are as follows: composition of solutions S1 or S3; temperature 40 °C; potential from -1.23 to -1.30 V (vs SCE); current density 3-4 A/dm²; mode of the process: CCE, CPE as well as CVE repeated run after run. The small addition of cobalt ions catalyzes the deposition of nickel and improves the quality of the coating.

(2) Even in mildly alkaline ammonia solution, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to the electrocatalytic effect of Ni deposit is present. Moreover, a noticeable contribution (up to 5%) of HER is necessary to obtain a good quality nickel deposit.

(3) In alkaline ammonia solution, a small amount of cobalt ions improve the quality and color of the deposit, irrespective of the deposition technique used. The yellowish shine of the nickel coating disappears. Therefore, in the possible application, the nickel and cobalt codeposition should be considered.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Dr. Eng. Wojciech Nowak for the realization of GD-OES and XRF spectral measurements and to Dr. Eng. M. Wierzbińska for the realization of SEM and EDS measurements.

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从碱性NH₄OH/NH₄Cl缓冲溶液中电沉积镍

Piotr M. SKITAL, PrzemysLaw T. SANECKI, Dorota SALETNIK, Jan KALEMBKIEWICZ

Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland

摘  要：采用循环伏安、计时电势、计时电流以及光学数码显微镜、辉光放电光谱(GD-OES)、X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)、扫描电镜能谱(SEM-EDS)等技术，研究碱性NH₄OH/NH₄Cl缓冲溶液中镍在钢和铜上的电沉积，目的是从弱碱性溶液中获得镍镀层，并优化工艺过程。以镍镀层质量为指标，对电解液组成、pH、温度、电流、电势等工艺参数进行优化。讨论析氢在电沉积过程中的作用，并研究Co作为添加剂的影响。发现少量的Co可以催化Ni沉积过程、改善镀层的质量和颜色。因此，在可能的应用中，应认真考虑Ni/Co共沉积。研究还表明，对于恒电流沉积模式，镀层的质量与极化电势区间的宽度有关，此电势区间宽度由计时电势曲线E=f(t)在沉积过程刚开始时的部分确定。

关键词：镍；钴；电沉积；氨缓冲溶液

(Edited by Wei-ping CHEN)

Corresponding author: PrzemysLaw T. SANECKI; Tel: +48-17-8651261; E-mail: psanecki@prz.edu.pl

DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(18)64931-3