月球表面矿产资源原位利用研究进展

来源期刊:中南大学学报(自然科学版)2020年第12期

论文作者:魏奎先 李琛 李阳 马文会 赵斯哲

文章页码:3289 - 3300

关键词:月表资源;原位提取;提取冶金;电解法;热解法;还原法

Key words:lunar surface resource; In-situ resource utilization; extraction metallurgy; electrolysis; pyrolysis; reduction

摘    要:月球作为地球唯一的天然卫星,存在着丰富的资源,是人类开展深空探测的首选目标,也是人类进行外层空间探测的理想基站。月球表面矿产资源原位利用技术(ISRU)一直是研究的热点,其目的在于清洁高效地提取月球表面的矿产资源,满足月球基地建设和深空探测的需求。由于月表环境特殊,传统的提取工艺不能够满足需求,所以要提出与其适用的方法。本论文从冶金学科角度阐述了ISRU的现状,介绍了月表的环境特点、月壤组成以及能源种类;叙述了月表所含矿产资源的种类、赋存状态以及各类金属的元素的质量分数以及存在的地理位置。系统归纳了现阶段ISRU提取金属的工艺,并分析了各工艺的特点,着重阐述了还原法,电解法,热解法以及其他方法的工艺及原理,并对各原位利用技术从工艺、实施角度等方面进行了总结与评估。月表矿产资源的提取必须遵循原位提取的原则,载荷和环境等条件制约着现有工艺的施行。月壤主要氧化物组成包括CaO,MgO,Al2O3,TiO2,SiO2和FeO,其储量可以满足需要。同时,针对不同资源的提取应采取不同的措施,如用氢还原实现Fe的提取,使用电解法提取Al,Si和Ti,使用热分解法提取O等。此外,文章还基于ISRU的共性与发展趋势,指出月表矿产资源的开发需要在发展新工艺的同时,以现有工艺连续化操作、清洁循环利用资源、设备小体积、轻量化以及电、光能化作为未来研究的主要方向。

Abstract: As the only natural satellite of the earth, Lunar has abundant resources. It is the first target for humans to carry out deep space exploration, and the ideal lunar station for the human to accomplish outer space exploration. In-situ resource utilization(ISRU) technology of lunar surface mineral has always been research hotspot and the purpose is to extract the mineral resources cleanly and efficiently on the lunar surface to meet the requirements of lunar base construction and deep space exploration. Due to the special environment of the lunar surface, the traditional extraction process can not meet its needs. So it is necessary to propose a suitable method. The status of ISRU in metallurgical perspective was described in this paper. The environmental characteristics of lunar surface, the composition of lunar soil and the types of energy, the types and occurrence of mineral resources in the lunar surface, the mass fraction of various metal elements and the geographical location of their existence were introduced. The ISRU metal extraction technology was summarized systematically, and the characteristics of each process was analyzed. The processes and principles of reduction, electrolysis, pyrolysis, and other methods were emphatically elaborated. The in-situ technologies were summarized and evaluated from the aspects of process and implementation. The extraction of mineral resources on the monthly surface must follow the principle of in-situ extraction, and the implementation of existing processes is restricted by loading, environment and other conditions. The main oxides of lunar soil are CaO, MgO, Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, and FeO, and their reserves can meet the demand. At the same time, different measures should be taken to extract different resources, such as Fe extraction by hydrogen reduction, Al, Si, Ti extraction by electrolysis, O extraction by thermal decomposition, etc. Besides, based on the commonality and development trend of ISRU, the exploit of mineral resources on the lunar surface in future needs these as main research directions which contains the continuous operation of existing processes, clean recycling resources, small-volume lightweight equipment, and electric and optical energy.

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