Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 25(2015) 1200-1205
Evolution of porous structure with dealloying corrosion on Gasar Cu-Mn alloy
Xing-ming ZHANG1, Yan-xiang LI1,2, Hua-wei ZHANG1,2, Yuan LIU1,2
1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
2. Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Received 17 April 2014; accepted 13 July 2014
Abstract: The evolution of nanoporous structure with dealloying condition was investigated, thus, the mechanism of porous structure evolution was uncovered. The Gasar Cu-Mn alloy was dealloyed by room and elevated temperature chemical corrosion, low and high current level electrochemical corrosion, four types of porous structures, including uneven corrosion pits, hybrid porous, haystack type and bicontinuous model were prepared by chemically and electrochemically dealloying the porous Cu-34.6%Mn alloy made by the Gasar process. Then, the surface diffusion coefficient (DS) and the diffusion frequency (kD) of Cu atom, as well as the dissolution frequency (kE) of Mn atom were calculated with dealloying condition. The dealloyed morphologies for room temperature chemical corrosion and low current level electrochemical corrosion were similar due to the same DS. While the dealloyed structures changed from bulk hybrid porous structure to bicontinuous porous film with decreasing kD/kE.
Key words: Gasar process; dealloying; hybrid porous; nanoporous structure
1 Introduction
Dealloying is a selective corrosion method usually applied to binary solid solution systems to fabricate nanoporous metals. During dealloying process, the active component dissolves, while the inactive component diffuses and rearranges to form a bicontinuous nanoporous structure [1]. NEWMAN et al [2] pointed out that dealloying was a competition between selective dissolution which roughened the surface and surface diffusion which smoothened the surface. ERLEBACHER et al [3] investigated the Monte-Carlo model to simulate Ag-Au dealloying process, and indicated that dealloying process was confined to the interface region between the alloy and the electrolyte, which was proofed by CHEN-WIEGART et al [4].
Alloys used to dealloying should meet the parting limit, and the mole fraction of the active component should be more than 50% [5]. Precursors were fabricated by melt spin method, laser remelting, electrochemical deposition, and other rapid solidification methods to obtain a single phase and fine microstructure [6-8]. Then, dealloying was carried out by chemical, electrochemical or even melt corrosion method to gain the nanoporous structure [8-10]. Researchers mainly investigated influence of dealloying parameters, such as electrolyte, corrosion duration, temperature, corrosion current or potential level on dealloyed structures [11-13], and studied the performance and potential application of dealloyed products. They found that dealloyed structures had a very high specific surface area, thus possessed many attractive properties, for example, good catalytic performance, excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect [14-16].
In addition, some researchers focused on the mechanism of dealloying process [1-4], and explained the evolution of porous structure during chemical or electrochemical dealloying process. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between chemical and electrochemical dealloying, or to the morphology evolution of dealloyed structures under various chemical and electrochemical dealloying conditions.
The author fabricated porous Cu by dealloying the Cu-34.6%Mn (mass fraction) alloy made by the Gasar process. The precursor is a casting alloy with less active component content [17,18], and the dealloyed products are different under various dealloying conditions. In this work, the evolution of nanoporous structures under different conditions are discussed in the view of diffusion and dissolution, and the relationship between the two dealloying methods is established.
2 Experimental
The Gasar Cu-34.6%Mn alloy was prepared by unidirectional solidification with a mould casting process [19]. The obtained Gasar Cu-34.6% Mn alloys were sectioned into samples of slice (8 mm × 8 mm × 0.5 mm) and cuboid (8 mm × 8 mm × 10 mm) and column (d3 mm × 10 mm, d10 mm × 20 mm). After degreasing in acetone, the Gasar samples were polished with 240 grit to 2000 grit SiC papers. Electrochemical dealloying of cuboid samples was carried out in 5% HBF4 at various current levels (2.6×103-1.3×104 mA/cm2) and durations using a galvanostatic electrochemical cell (DH1765 source) and a stainless steel plate as the cathode [17]. Slices samples were chemically dealloyed under free corrosion at room temperature (0.1 mol/L HCl, 20 °C, 7 d) and elevated temperature (1.2 mol/L HCl, 90 °C, 12 h), respectively. The cuboid and column samples were etched in 1.2 mol/L HCl in a water bath (90 °C) for complete dealloying (32-72 h). After dealloying, the specimens were rinsed with de-ionized water and ethanol to release the residual electrolyte and dried in air freely. The dealloyed morphology and composition were analyzed using a LEO-1530 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an INCA X-sight 7573 energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded using a D8-Advanced X-ray diffractometer with a Cu Kα radiation source. The porosity of the hybrid porous structure was detected by an Autopore IV 9510 mercury porosimeter [18].
3 Results
To fabricate bulk hybrid porous metals, Gasar Cu-34.6%Mn alloy was dealloyed by electrochemical and chemical corrosion. Four typical dealloyed structures formed under different conditions (Fig. 1). There exist uneven corrosion pits on the surface of samples dealloyed under chemical corrosion at room temperature (Fig. 1(a)), strips with diameters in sub-micrometer scale make up a porous structure inside the corrosion pits (Fig. 1(b)). While dealloying the Gasar Cu-34.6%Mn alloy at elevate temperature (90 °C), a hybrid porous structure was prepared, in which strips with a large aspect ratio stacked uniformly and a nanoporous structure formed throughout the slice sample (Figs. 1(c) and (d)) [18]. So chemical etching enables the formation of a penetrable structure.
By electrochemical dealloying the Gasar Cu- 34.6%Mn alloy at low current level (2.6-260 mA/cm2), a haystack porous film generates (Fig. 1(e)) [17]. Whereas a sponge-like porous structure evolves under high current levels (2.6×103-1.3×104 mA/cm2), this porous structure is uniform and bicontinuous (Fig. 1(g)), similar to the traditionally dealloyed structure previously reported [3]. The thickness of the dealloyed structure decreases with increasing current density, which is in the range of dozens of micrometer at low current level (Fig. 1(f)) and sub-micrometer at high current level (Fig. 1(h)), respectively. The compositions of all the four porous structures are Cu-dominated, as detected by EDS spectrum (Table 1).
In addition, bulk hybrid porous metals were prepared by dealloying the slice, cuboid and column Gasar samples in 1.2 mol/L HCl at 90 °C for sufficient time (12-72 h). The colour of samples changed from silvery white to dark red either on the surface or on the fracture, indicating that the samples were dealloyed completely (Fig. 2). High magnification fracture morphology of dealloyed samples is the same as the typical morphology (Fig. 1(c)). The XRD pattern indicates that the precursor is a single-phase solid solution, while Cu is the major phase after dealloying. Thus, a uniform three-dimensional centimeter size scale hybrid porous Cu with a combination of micro-nano double scale pore size and random-regular bimodal is prepared. The dealloyed pore size is mostly in the range of several hundred nanometer size scale, especially 350 nm, analyzed by a mercury porosimetry, and the porosity of the hybrid structure is over 60% [18].
4 Discussion
4.1 Surface diffusion
Dealloying process is confined to the interface region between the alloy and electrolyte, and dealloying structures originate from the inactive component rearrangement. Thus, the surface diffusion coefficient (DS) of Cu atoms affects the formation of dealloyed structures, and it is necessary to calculate DS under different dealloying conditions. QIAN and CHEN [11] studied the dealloying process of Au-Ag binary system and discovered that the inactive component rearrangement was similar to the isothermal grain growth, so that DS could be expressed as [20]
(1)
where D0 is a pre-exponential factor, for Cu atom, D0≈10-4 cm2/s [21], R is the gas constant, T is the corrosion temperature, and Ea is the activation energy. The value of Ea at room temperature for free diffusion of Cu atom is about 0.38 eV (36.6 kJ/mol) [22].
Fig. 1 Four typical dealloyed structures
Table1 Composition of typical dealloyed structures detected by EDS
Fig. 2 Gasar Cu-34.6%Mn alloy (silver white), hybrid porous structure (dark red) of different types, and XRD patterns before and after high temperature chemical dealloying [18]
Table 2 Parameters related to diffusion and dissolution processes
Neglecting the influence of temperature on Ea, DS values under different chemical corrosion temperatures are calculated (Table 2). ERLEBACHER [23] presumed that the DS of Cu atom under electrochemical corrosion is in the range of 10-10 cm2/s, and DS is enhanced by a factor of order 10 over the potential range of 1 V. Since the critical potential of Cu-38%Mn (mole fraction) is about -150 mV [24], and the voltage of low current level (5.2 mA/cm2) dealloying in this work is about 0.8 V, so that DS of low current level dealloying is in the range of 10-9 cm2/s. Besides, DS increases linearly with increased current density (Eq. (2)) [25], thus DS of high current level (5.2×103 mA/cm2) dealloying can be calculated (Table 2). Then, the activation energies Ea for electrochemical corrosion under different current levels can be calculated (Eq. (1)).
(2)
where J0 is the current density, NA is the Avogadro constant, x is the mole fraction of the base metal atoms in the alloy, n is the cases where the atom could jump several atomic spaces, r is the atomic diameter, and F is the Faraday constant [25].
As can be seen from Table 2, DS for 90 °C chemical corrosion and 5.2 mA/cm2 electrochemical corrosion are in the same order of magnitude. Since the interface diffusion influences the dealloying process, is it possible to obtain similar dealloyed morphology for the two dealloying processes? Figure 3 shows the high magnitude dealloyed morphology of 90 °C chemical dealloying [18] and 5.2 mA/cm2 electrochemical dealloying. The two dealloyed structures are both nanoporous structures, whose strips with a large aspect ratio arrange regularly and make up nanometer pores. Therefore, no matter dealloying is carried out by chemical or electrochemical corrosion, when DS is in the same order of magnitude by controlling corrosion parameters, the obtained dealloyed morphology will be similar. While the ligament and pore size of chemical dealloyed structure are larger than those the electrochemical dealloyed structure, due to the coarsening effect of corrosion time on dealloyed structures (Eq. (3)) [11].
(3)
where t is the corrosion time, d(t) is the pore size of dealloyed structure, d0 is the initial pore size, 
is the surface energy, a is the lattice parameter, and kB is the Boltzmann constant.
4.2 Competition between diffusion and dissolution
Dealloying process is a competition between the surface roughening and surface smoothening process. But how the two processes transform under different dealloying conditions and bring about the four typical dealloyed structures formation? ERLEBACHER [23] proposed that the dissolution frequency (kE) of active component and the diffusion frequency (kD) of inactive component can be expressed as Eq. (4) and Eq. (5), respectively. Besides, kE and kD are proportional to the dissolution velocity (v0) and the surface diffusion coefficient (DS), respectively. Thus, kD under different dealloying conditions and kE of chemical dealloying can be calculated on account of the given data (Table 2).
As for electrochemical dealloying carried out by two electrode source in this work, an equivalent corrosion potential (φ) should be defined firstly, according to the dealloying current and voltage. For electrochemical corrosion at 5.2 mA/cm2, φ can be taken as half of the corrosion voltage (0.8 V). While the dealloying condition of 5.2×103 mA/cm2 electrochemical corrosion is much different from the traditional dealloying process, so φ should be defined by other means. The pore size of dealloyed structure is the function of surface diffusion coefficient (DS) and the dissolution velocity (v0) (Eq. (6)) [3], and the pore sizes of low and high current density electrochemical corrosion are 75 nm and 105 nm, respectively. Thus, φ of high current density electrochemical corrosion can be calculated with the combination of Eq. (4) and Eq. (6) (Table 2).
(4)
(5)
(6)
where vE and vD are attempt frequencies, vE=104 s-1, vD is in the order of the Debye frequency (vD=1013 s-1) [23]. φ is the equivalent corrosion potential. Ea is the activation energy, d is the pore size of dealloyed structure, and v0 is the dissolution velocity of a flat alloy surface with no copper accumulated on it.
Table 2 indicates that kE and kD increase with increasing corrosion temperature or corrosion current, both kE and kD of electrochemical dealloying are larger than those of chemical dealloying. The kD of 90 °C chemical corrosion and 5.2 mA/cm2 electrochemical corrosion are in the same order of magnitude, indicating a similar diffusion velocity of the two processes, and as a result similar dealloying morphology is prepared (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3 Morphologies of nanoporous structure
While different kinds of dealloyed structures can be attributed to the change of kD/kE with dealloying parameters. For chemical and low current level electrochemical corrosion (2.6 mA/cm2), kD/kE>1, the surface smoothening process due to the Cu atoms diffusion is prevalent to the surface roughening process due to the Mn atoms dissolution. Mn atoms dissolute gradually and Cu atoms resemble rapidly, forming porous structure comprising of strips with a large aspect ratio. As for high current level electrochemical corrosion (5.2×103 mA/cm2), kD/kE<1, the surface roughening process is prevalent to the surface smoothening process. Mn atoms dissolute faster than Cu atoms diffusion, leading to Cu atoms having less time to rearrange and forming bicontinuous porous structure eventually. So, the surface diffusion coefficient (DS) and the diffusion frequency (kD) of Cu atom, as well as the dissolution frequency (kE) of Mn atom change with dealloying condition, leading to the formation of various dealloyed morphologies and structures.
5 Conclusions
1) Four typical dealloyed structures are fabricated by dealloying the Gasar Cu-34.6%Mn alloy under various conditions, and a centimeter size scale hybrid porous metal is prepared by dealloying the column Gasar sample in 1.2 mol/L HCl at 90 °C for 72 h.
2) When the surface diffusion coefficient (DS) of Cu atom is in the same order of magnitude, the dealloyed morphology is identical either by chemical or electrochemical corrosion, with large aspect ratio strips making up nanometer pores.
3) The dissolution frequency (kE) and the diffusion frequency (kD) increase with increasing corrosion temperature or corrosion current.
4) For chemical and low current level electrochemical corrosion (5.2 mA/cm2), kD/kE>1, the surface smoothening process due to Cu atoms diffusion is prevalent to the surface roughening process due to Mn atoms dissolution, Cu atoms rearrange rapidly and form strips with a large aspect ratio. As for high current level electrochemical corrosion (5.2×103 mA/cm2), kD/kE<1, the surface roughening process is prevalent to the surface smoothening process, Mn atoms dissolute quickly, Cu atoms have less time to rearrange and form bicontinuous porous structure eventually.
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Gasar Cu-Mn合金脱合金腐蚀的组织演变
张星明1，李言祥1,2，张华伟1,2，刘 源1,2
1. 清华大学 材料学院，北京 100084
2. 清华大学 先进成形制造教育部重点实验室，北京 100084
摘 要：
研究了不同腐蚀条件下，Gasar Cu-34.6%Mn合金经脱合金腐蚀后的腐蚀形貌变化，揭示了脱合金组织的形成机理。通过对Gasar Cu-34.6%Mn合金进行低温化学腐蚀、高温化学腐蚀、低电流以及高电流电化学腐蚀，分别制备得到了不均匀的腐蚀凹坑、复合多级孔组织、草垛状结构以及双连续多孔组织4种典型的腐蚀组织。为研究不同脱合金组织的形成机制，计算不同实验条件下Cu原子表面扩散系数(DS)、扩散频率(kD)以及Mn原子的溶解频率(kE)。研究发现，化学腐蚀和低电流电化学腐蚀因具有相近的DS而具有相近的腐蚀形貌。此外，随着kD/kE的减小，脱合金组织由复合多级孔组织转变为双连续多孔薄膜。
关键词：
(Edited by Yun-bin HE)
Foundation item: Project (51371104) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
Corresponding author: Yan-xiang LI; Tel: +86-10-62773640; E-mail: yanxiang@tsinghua.edu.cn
DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(15)63716-5
摘 要：研究了不同腐蚀条件下，Gasar Cu-34.6%Mn合金经脱合金腐蚀后的腐蚀形貌变化，揭示了脱合金组织的形成机理。通过对Gasar Cu-34.6%Mn合金进行低温化学腐蚀、高温化学腐蚀、低电流以及高电流电化学腐蚀，分别制备得到了不均匀的腐蚀凹坑、复合多级孔组织、草垛状结构以及双连续多孔组织4种典型的腐蚀组织。为研究不同脱合金组织的形成机制，计算不同实验条件下Cu原子表面扩散系数(DS)、扩散频率(kD)以及Mn原子的溶解频率(kE)。研究发现，化学腐蚀和低电流电化学腐蚀因具有相近的DS而具有相近的腐蚀形貌。此外，随着kD/kE的减小，脱合金组织由复合多级孔组织转变为双连续多孔薄膜。
