Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 22(2012) s485-s490
Effect of sintering neck on compressive mechanical properties of porous titanium
ZOU Chun-ming1, Liu Yan2, YANG Xin1, WANG Hong-wei1, WEI Zun-jie1
1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China;
2. Key Laboratory for Bionics Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
Received 28 August 2012; accepted 25 October 2012
Abstract:
In order to study the role of sintering neck in porous titanium with helical pores, the effect of size and position of sintering neck on compressive mechanical properties of porous titanium single cell was studied by using numerical simulation method. The results show that the compressive mechanical properties of the porous titanium unit cell are determined by the helical pore structure and sintering neck. Contribution coefficient of sintering neck is approximately 3.5 times larger than that of helical pore structure. With the increase of the relative diameter of sintering neck, compressive yield stress and elastic modulus of the cell are constantly increased. The sintering point of C1 is the most important sintering position. Under the same condition, increasing the size of sintering neck at C1 is much effective to the increasing of compressive properties.
Key words:
porous titanium; helical pore structure; single cell; sintering neck; compressive mechanical properties; contribution coefficient;
1 Introduction
With their outstanding comprehensive performance, titanium and its alloys are applied to hard tissue medical materials such as artificial bone, artificial joints and teeth [1-3]. Among them, the introduction of pore structure of implant helps to reduce and even eliminate the phenomenon of “stress shielding”, improving the mechanical compatibility of the implants [4,5].
Many new researches have focused on the effect of porosity, pore size and distribution on the properties [6-12]. ZOU et al [9-12] proposed a new porous titanium sintered by titanium wire with helical pore structure. Its preparation process included regularly arranging the spiral coil, rolling the arranged helix network, forming in mold and sintering in vacuum atmosphere [12]. After surface bioactivation, it achieved some promising results from biological experiments, making it potential for practical application [10-12].
For porous materials, such as sintered powder materials, metal foams and entangled wire materials, the general theory believes that the mechanical properties of porous materials are mainly influenced by the porosity [13-17]. The research of compressive mechanical properties of the porous titanium sintered by titanium wire also verifies this point [5]. In addition, studies on porous materials sintered by metal powder found that the sintering temperature, time and pressure also directly affect the mechanical properties [18-20]. In general, the increase of the sintering temperature, the sintering time or the sintering pressure will increase the size of sintering neck, which help to improve the mechanical properties of the porous materials when increasing the size of the sintering necks [18-22]. Therefore, the sintering neck will be another important factor to the mechanical properties.
For porous titanium sintered by titanium wire with helical pore structure, the sintering process was used for the connection of titanium wire [9-12]. So it can be expected that the sintering neck will be an important factor to the mechanical properties. In fact, it has been recognized that wire sintering process is difficult, so a layer of easily sintered metal is coated on the steel wire surface so as to ensure the sintering point on the quality and morphology [23]. However, when evaluating the contribution of sintering point on the mechanical properties, the friction behavior between wires causes the interference, which makes the quantitative evaluation of the contribution of sintering point difficult extremely. The porous titanium with helical pores also faces the same problem [6]. So, in the present work, the typical single cell of porous titanium will be used to evaluate the contribution of sintering point by numerical simulation method, which is convenient for eliminating the friction interference.
2 Numerical simulation process
ANSYS Workbench was selected as an analytical environment which is one of the modules of the finite element software ANSYS. The main analysis progress of the numerical simulation can be briefly summarized as geometric modeling, the materials data setting, meshing, loading setting and results analysis.
Figure 1 shows the actually prepared porous titanium whose preparation process was introduced in Ref. [9]. It can be seen that the porous titanium is regularly arranged by a number of same cells which has a certain structure.
Fig. 1 Porous titanium sintered by titanium wires
Through decomposing and abstracting the structure of porous titanium sintered by titanium wire, a typical cell from one layer of porous titanium was selected. Pro-E was used for geometric modeling in order to improve the efficiency and quality of the numerical simulation, as shown in Fig. 2. There are three sintering necks in the cell, which are labeled as C1, C2 and C3 respectively. The benchmark dimensions of the cell in Fig. 2 are defined as follows. The diameter of titanium wire is dTi, the pitch diameter of spiral is D2, and the pitch of the spiral is t. The edge length of cell is defined as Dst, and Dst = D2= t. And the diameter of the sintering neck is ds.
According to the tensile experimental result of titanium wire, parameters from true stress—strain curve of the titanium wire were selected for calculating and setting the material parameters as shown in Table 1. On the plastic deformation stage, the “multi-linear” was chosen to define the material nonlinearity, as shown in Table 2.
Fig. 2 Typical cell of porous titanium
Table 1 Mechanical properties of titanium wire
Table 2 Correspondence of plastic strain and stress of titanium wire
The grid size of loading device was set at 80 μm and the grid of the cell was set at 20 μm. The three sintering necks of the cell were further refined with the grid size of 5 μm.
In order to approach to the real force status, the cell was placed in a loading device made by a single layer of porous titanium. Then compressive load was added to the loading device, as shown in Fig. 3.
3 Compressive performance
3.1 Compressive stress—strain curve
Figure 4 shows the stress—strain curves of porous titanium cell (Dst=800 μm, dTi=200 μm) under uniaxial compressive load. It can be known that the compressive yield stress (σ0.2) of the unit cell of the porous titanium is about 1.1 MPa, and the corresponding strain value is 1.3%.
Fig. 3 Loading device of porous titanium cell
Fig. 4 Stress—strain curves of porous titanium cell under uniaxial compressive load
3.2 Stress distribution
Figure 5 shows the stress distribution of the cell when the strain value is 1.0%. It can be seen that the maximum equivalent stress is mainly concentrated in the three sintering necks marked C1, C2 and C3, especially in the sintering neck C1. The equivalent stress in the sintering neck C1 firstly exceeds the yield stress, but does not exceed the limit stress.
It can be expected that the sintering neck will be firstly destructed when the deformation reaches a certain value. It shows that the strength of the sintering neck will play an important role in the mechanical properties of porous titanium and that enhancing the strength of the sintering neck will greatly improve the strength of the porous titanium.
Fig. 5 Equivalent stress distribution of cell and different sintering neck section when strain value is 1.0%
4 Mechanical properties
Since the compressive properties of the porous titanium cell are determined by the relative structure, the concept of relative size is required for the impact of the sintering neck. Therefore, the relative sintering neck diameter is defined as dsr. And its expression is shown as
(1)
where dsr is the relative diameter of the sintering neck, ds is the actual diameter of the sintering neck and dTi is the diameter of titanium wire.
4.1 Effect of relative diameter of sintering neck
There are two ways to change the relative diameter of sintering neck and to remain the porosity of porous titanium cell as 74% at the same time. One way is to keep cell structure as the reference size (Dst=800 μm, dTi=200 μm). The diameter of sintering neck is set at 50 μm, 75 μm, 100 μm, 125 μm and 150 μm, respectively, thus the relative sintering neck diameter is 0.250, 0.375, 0.500, 0.625 and 0.750, accordingly. Figure 6 shows the compressive properties of the porous titanium cell with different diameters of sintering neck.
The other way is to fix the diameter of sintering neck as 100 μm while scaling the edge length of cell and the diameter of the titanium wire at the same time. Five cases are set as follows: Dst=600 μm, dTi=150 μm; Dst=700 μm, dTi=175 μm; Dst=800 μm, dTi=200 μm; Dst=900 μm, dTi=225 μm and Dst=1000 μm, dTi=250 μm. And the relative diameters of the sintering neck are 0.667, 0.571, 0.500, 0.444 and 0.4, accordingly. Figure 7 shows the compressive mechanical properties of the porous titanium cell while scaling the size of cell.
Fig. 6 Compressive mechanical properties of porous titanium cell with different diameters of sintering neck
Fig. 7 Compressive mechanical properties of porous titanium cell with different diameters of sintering neck by scaling the size of cell
It can be seen that the relative diameter of the sintering neck has a huge impact on the compressive mechanical properties of porous titanium cell. Specifically, with the increase of the relative diameter, compressive yield stress and elastic modulus of the cell both constantly increase.
Since the influence of the sintering neck mainly concentrates on the relative diameter of the sintering neck, the two situations in Figs. 6 and 7 are combined to find the relationship between the compressive mechanical properties of porous titanium cell and the relative diameter of sintering neck. Figure 8 shows the fitting of compressive yield stress of porous titanium cell with different relative diameter of sintering neck. It is obvious that the results of those two situations just fit the same curve, which means the effect of the relative diameter of the sintering neck on compressive yield strength obeys the same law. Specifically, with the increase of the relative diameter of sintering neck, the compressive yield strength increases significantly.
Fig. 8 Fitting of compressive yield stress of porous titanium cell with different relative diameter of sintering neck
Figure 9 shows the fitting of elastic modulus of porous titanium cell with different relative diameter of sintering neck. The different relative diameter of sintering neck from the two situations also obeys the same law.
Fig. 9 Fitting of elastic modulus of porous titanium cell with different relative diameter of sintering neck
NANJANGUD and GREEN [20] gave an example which showed an approximate linear relationship between the elastic modulus values and the neck ratio/particle radius ratio of porous glass specimens produced by sintering of spherical particles. This model was only derived for small neck ratio/particle radius ratio values. And it seems to have a similar law with that of porous titanium sintered by titanium wire in this work.
For the relationship between the relative diameter and compressive mechanical properties, the best fitting results of the numerical fitting will be acquired when we use the formula style: y=a+bxc, where a means the contribution coefficient of helical pore structure, b means the contribution coefficient of sintering neck, and c is the contribution exponent of the sintering neck to the mechanical properties of porous titanium cell. Thus, we can get the fitting results as
(2)
(3)
where 
, dsr and 
denote the compressive yield stress, relative diameter of sintering neck and elastic modulus, respectively.
Suppose the value of dsr is zero, then the value of a in the formula y=a+bxc will express the compressive mechanical properties of porous titanium cell without any sintering neck (for the compressive yield stress, the value of a is 0.7869 MPa, and for elastic modulus the value of a is 36.63759 MPa). These properties are caused by the special helical structure of the porous titanium. When the value of dsr is 1.0, the diameter of sintering neck is as large as that of titanium wire. So the value of b means the basic part of compressive mechanical properties which is contributed by the sintering neck (for the compressive yield stress, the value of b is 2.7340 MPa, and for elastic modulus the value of b is131.8548 MPa). From Eqs. (2) and (3), it can be found that b is approximately 3.5 larger than a, which indicates that the sintering neck has a huge impact on the compressive mechanical properties of the porous titanium cell. The value of c can be considered the contribution exponent of the sintering neck to the mechanical properties of porous titanium cell. When dsr is larger than 1.0, the contribution of b is amplified. While dsr is less than 1.0, the contribution of b is reduced.
4.2 Effect of sintering neck position
Besides the diameter of the sintering neck, the position of the sintering point also plays an important role. In three-dimensional cell of the porous titanium, there are three different sintering points called C1, C2 and C3 (see Figs. 2 and 5). These three sintering points play different roles in the compressing process (see Fig. 5). In order to express the different combinations of the diameter of sintering neck at the three points, an expression is defined as (dC1, dC2, dC3) standing for the sintering necks at C1, C2 and C3. Figure 10 shows the compressive mechanical properties of porous titanium cell with different combinations of sintering neck. The increase of diameter of sintering neck at C1, C2 and C3 will help to improve the compressive mechanical properties. Among them, the effect of increasing the diameter of sintering neck at C2 position is very small while the effect of increasing the diameter of sintering neck at C1 position is huge. From the results in Fig. 10, the compressive yield stress and elastic modulus of (150, 100, 100) are 30% higher than those of (100, 150, 100), which indicates that under the same condition, increasing the diameter of sintering neck at C1 position is much effective on the increasing of compressive properties. So the diameter of sintering neck at C1 should be increased in the sintering process as possible as we can.
Fig. 10 Compressive mechanical properties of porous titanium cell with different combination of sintering neck
5 Conclusions
The compressive mechanical properties of porous titanium sintered by titanium wire have a close connection with the sintering neck.
1) Stress concentration will first appear at the sintering neck when the porous titanium cell is under uniaxial compressive loading.
2) Contribution coefficient of sintering neck is approximately 3.5 times larger than that of helical pore structure.
3) The larger the relative diameter of sintering neck is, the higher the compressive yield strength and elastic modulus will be.
4) The position of the sintering point also plays an important role. The sintering point of C1 position is the most important sintering position.
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烧结颈对多孔钛压缩力学性能的影响
邹鹑鸣1，刘 燕2，杨 锌1，王宏伟1，魏尊杰1
1. 哈尔滨工业大学 材料科学与工程学院，哈尔滨 150001；
2. 吉林大学 工程仿生教育部重点实验室，长春 130022
摘 要：为了研究烧结颈在螺旋孔隙多孔钛中所起的作用，利用数值模拟的方法对烧结颈尺寸和烧结颈位置对多孔钛单胞压缩力学性能的影响进行研究。结果表明：多孔钛单胞的压缩力学性能由单胞的螺旋孔隙结构和烧结颈决定，烧结颈的贡献系数约是螺旋孔结构贡献系数的3.5倍；随着相对烧结颈尺寸的增加，多孔钛单胞的压缩屈服强度和弹性模量增加；单胞中C1烧结点是最重要的烧结位置；在相同条件下，增加C1处的烧结颈尺寸对压缩性能的提高更有效。
关键词：多孔钛；螺旋孔结构；单胞；烧结颈；压缩力学性能；贡献系数
(Edited by YUAN Sai-qian)
Foundation item: Project (51001041) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project (421060872466) supported by Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, China
Corresponding author: ZOU Chun-ming; Tel: +86-451-86418131; E-mail: zouchunming1977@163.com
DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(12)61750-6
Abstract: In order to study the role of sintering neck in porous titanium with helical pores, the effect of size and position of sintering neck on compressive mechanical properties of porous titanium single cell was studied by using numerical simulation method. The results show that the compressive mechanical properties of the porous titanium unit cell are determined by the helical pore structure and sintering neck. Contribution coefficient of sintering neck is approximately 3.5 times larger than that of helical pore structure. With the increase of the relative diameter of sintering neck, compressive yield stress and elastic modulus of the cell are constantly increased. The sintering point of C1 is the most important sintering position. Under the same condition, increasing the size of sintering neck at C1 is much effective to the increasing of compressive properties.
