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absorb direct,scattering sunlight, and increase density of solar energy to reach surface of the solar cell, and play focusing function.The rare earth film can bear 350 ~ 500 ℃, which make the solar cell...Solar Energy Cell with Rare Earth Film Zhou Meng1,Li Baojun1,Yang Tao1,Fu Xiliang1,Fu Li1,Zhou Yao1 (1.Institute of Architecture Technique Research, Shenyang Jianzhu Univercity, Shenyang 110016......
on the surface. Accurate analysis is needed because mechanical characteristics of material are changed by scanning laser energy[3-4]. Laser surface hardening has two advantages. First, there is no much deformation of material since input energy is not too much. Second, the surface of material is smooth after laser hardening so it does not need post-process. It is required to search the optimum process......
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free energy minimization, a thermodynamic model of the lead flash smelting equilibrium system, including crude lead, matte, slag and gas four phases, was built using element potential method...: lead smelting; multi-phase equilibrium; model; minimum Gibbs free energy 近30年来,研究工作者力图通过PbS受控氧化的途径来实现硫化铅精矿的直接熔炼,以简化生产流程,降低生产成本,利用氧化反应的热能以降低能耗,产出高含量SO2烟气用于制酸,减少环境污染[1].当前,几种硫化铅精矿直接熔炼法如基夫赛特法,卡尔多法,QSL法等已在一......
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and 550 °C, and the Si phase also has the possibility of melting. The main chemical reactions during thermal exposure are shown in Eqs. (3) and (4). The calculation results of the Gibbs free energy function under standard conditions are shown in Figure 10. It can be seen that the products of the two reactions are Al2O3 (three crystal structures) and SiO2. The Gibbs free energy increases......
; (10) The auxiliary equation for free motion of the system can be written as  ... not have any axis of symmetry. Fig. 11 Impacting phase portrait curve with barrier in x=4 cm, ζ=0.2, m=1 kg, k=500 N/m, Ω=10 rad/s, A=30 N 3.1 Transferred energy to barrier Transferred energy......
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atoms move toward the bulk, forming an S-rich surface. The surface relaxation processes are driven by electrostatic interaction, which is evidenced by a relative decrease in the surface energy after... (DFT); surface energy; surface relaxation; S-rich surface......