The structure of a typical second-order ADRC is shown in Fig. 2. As we can see from Fig. 2, by estimating the state variables of the control object and compensating for the real-time total disturbance with the ESO, an appropriate NLSEF can be determined.
3.2 Mathematical model of sliding-mode ESO
Sliding mode control (SMC) is a type of variable- structure nonlinear control strategy. When the system state changes, it can force the system to be stable in accordance with a predetermined sliding mode. Since the design of the sliding mode does not rely on any variables of the control objective, the disturbance caused by the variation of parameters and loads can be reduced. In addition, the SMC system has the characteristics of fast response, high static precision, and smooth torque [23-24].
Considering the motor speed regulation system as a single-input/output system, the SMC is designed as follows:
1) The stability of the sliding mode depends on a switching vector function s(x). Let the sliding mode switching vector function be as follows:
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image023.gif)
where xi=x(i-1) (i=1, 2, …, n) are system states and their all-order derivatives. Suitable constants c1, c2, …, cn-1 are selected to construct a stable sliding mode.
2) Design an appropriate approach control rate to ensure that the sliding mode moves along the switching section s(x)=0.
Combining the ADRC and SMC, Eq. (4) can be replaced by
(7)
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image027.jpg)
Fig. 2 Block diagram of a typical second-order ADRC controller
Let
and
in Eq. (2). Assume that a0(t) is bounded, and let |a0(t)|≤A. The disturbance can not infinite in the motor system. Combining Eqs. (4) and (7), the following equations can be obtained:
(8)
Combining Eqs. (2), (4) and (8), the following equations can be obtained:
(9)
A suitable control function g(εω) is used to make the sliding-mode ESO stable. For a system described by Eq. (9), the sliding-mode switching vector function is designed as
(10)
Set an appropriate c1 and c2 to make a polynomial p3+c2p2+c1p+1 (p is a Laplace operator) to satisfy the Hurwitz stability with a large stability margin. Let
(11)
where k1 is an adjustable parameter, and sign(·) is the switching function.
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image041.gif)
The proof of stability is as follows: Substituting Eq. (9) into the differential of s(x), we can obtain:
(12)
Next, substituting Eqs. (11) into (12), one can obtain:
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image045.gif)
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image047.gif)
(13)
Let k>A, then
According to the Lyapunov stable requirement, the sliding-mode control system will enter the sliding surface. Furthermore, the sign(·) in Eq. (11) is replacement of the relay characteristic function.
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image053.gif)
where the adjustable parameter δ1 is a smaller positive constant. Here, the function N(s) is used to maintain a continuous control volume to reduce chattering.
3.3 Mathematical model of sliding-mode NLSEF
From Eqs. (3), (4)and (5), ωz1 and ωz2 can accurately track the state valuables ω and
Thus, the state error of the input signal ω* can be reconstructed with eω1=ωv1-ωz1, eω2=ωv2-ωz2. Since ωv1=ωv2, ωz1=ωz2. Eqs. (3) and (5) can be rewritten as follows:
(14)
The nonlinear configuration of the error is used to realize control of the nonlinear state error feedback. To guarantee the stability of the system Eq. (14), the control volume is designed with a sliding-mode function:
(15)
where k2 is an adjustable parameter, and N2(s) is the relay characteristic function. The selection of constant c1 and the sliding mode, and the analysis of the stability, are discussed in section 3.2.
The above analysis shows that a sliding-mode ESO and NLSEF have two adjustable parameters independent of the order of the controlled system in the improved SM-ADRC. Compared with a typical ADRC, the improved method with fewer adjustable parameters makes parameter tun easier.
4 SM-ADRC speed control system of PMSM
4.1 Speed current loop controller based on SM-ADRC
In a synchronous rotating coordinate system, a second-order dynamic equation of the speed current loop for a PMSM can be rewritten as
(16)
Let![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image063.gif)
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image065.gif)
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image067.gif)
The above equation can be simplified as
(17)
where the system disturbance fq is the known, and the load disturbance a(t) is the unknown. The state equations of the speed current loop are given as follows:
(18)
In Eq. (18),
and its differential can be determined by a position sensor. Obviously, the above state equations are the same as Eq. (3). Similarly, according to Eqs. (4)-(6) and (10), a speed current SM-ADRC controller is designed as shown in Fig. 3. It is noted that the differential operator here is different from the PID controller’s, and the former’s goal is to suppress noise signals instead of to amplify them.
In an ADRC, a smooth tracking signal ωv1 and its differential ωv2 can be determined by using a TD. The system state values ωz1, ωv2 and the real-time disturbance zω3 are estimated by the sliding-mode ESO. The feedback from [zω3+f0(ωz1, ωz2)]/b is used to compensate for the disturbance. The ADRC has a feedback structure that automatically compensates for the disturbance. In practice, the compensation control variable is given by
(19)
where uq0(t) is a real-time control variable. Nonlinear feedback from state errors eω1, eω2, and eω0 is used to transform the nonlinear control system into a series-type integrator linear control system, and to determine the control volume of the tracing value. A nonlinear sliding-mode NLSEF (see Eq. (14)) is used to achieve the SM-ADRC.
4.2 Direct-axis current controller based on SM-ADRC
As we can see from Eq. (1), the coupling effect
between iq and the d-axis can be regarded as disturbance a2(t) for the d-axis current loop. Then,
(20)
Let b2=1/Ld; fd=-Rsid/Ld, the equation of the d-axis current can be described as follows:
(21)
where fd is the known disturbance of the system, and a2(t) is the unknown external disturbance. The disturbance of the current loop can be effectively estimated by using the two parts above. By compensating for the disturbance, the system has good anti-interference abilities to reject the input voltage disturbances.
According to the first-order linear differential tracker and Eqs. (8), (11), and (19)-(21), an SM-ADRC control structure for the d-axis current loop is available as shown in Fig. 4. The design of the direct axis current controller is similar to that of the speed current loop controller. The major difference is that the former is a first-order controller with fewer adjustable parameters. Hence, adjusting the parameters is more convenient. Moreover, the proposed controller can obtain good dynamic performance and can make the system more stable.
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image082.jpg)
Fig. 3 Speed current loop overall block diagram of SM-ADRC controller
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image084.jpg)
Fig. 4 d-axis current loop SM-ADRC control structure
The entire system structure of the SM-ADRC speed control for a PMSM is shown in Fig. 5. The transition process can be smoothly controlled by the TD, which provides for rapid system response without overshoot. The application of a sliding-mode ESO can help us to obtain both the observation of state variables and system disturbances such as the disturbance caused by variations in the moment of inertia, stator resistance, and inductance, as well as other unknown external disturbances such as load disturbances. By using a sliding-mode NLSEF, the system can compensate for all types of disturbances.
In addition, the presented SM-ADRC can realize nonlinear control for the speed and current signal, that is, “small error large gain; large error small gain”. The SM-ADRC developed from a typical ADRC can realize optimal control across a wide range. The improved controller can not only preserve the original properties of the ADRC, but also reduce the number of adjustable parameters. Moreover, steady-state accuracy and speed-control accuracy are both improved. More important, the problem of system chattering is successfully resolved.
A double closed-loop vector control construction with id=0 is used in Fig. 5. This is called a speed current loop, which is a novel speed current SM-ADRC that integrates the speed and current loop together. A d-axis current loop also adopts this novel controller. Compared with a typical ADRC, the SM-ADRC has fewer control links and a better control strategy. Furthermore, the SM-ADRC improves system anti-interference and stability.
5 Results and analysis of simulation and experiment
To examine the control performance of the SM-ADRC for a PMSM, a numerical simulation was carried out by using MATLAB/Simulink. Furthermore, an actual self-developed frequency conversion control system is developed to compare a typical ADRC with an SM-ADRC for PMSM control. The simulation and experimental parameters of the PMSM are listed in Table 1.
Through repeated adjustment, parameters in each part of the controller can be estimated and shown as follows: The parameter in the TD is R=2000. The parameters of the sliding-mode ESO and NLSEF can be δ1=0.05, δ2=0.025, k1=35, and k2=25. The parameters for the current loop can be R=1300,
=0.03,
=0.015,
=10, and
=5.
The simulation waveforms under low speed are shown in Fig. 6, where speed n=20 r/min, and torque increases from 0.334 N·m to 18 N·m at t =2 s. It can be seen from this figure that the SM-ADRC has better starting characteristics and robustness under low speed.
Figure 7 shows high-speed response waveforms where speed n=6000 r/min and torque increases from 0.334 N·m to 18 N·m at t=2 s. The results show that the SM-ADRC has better dynamic/static performance, anti-interference, and speed control accuracy under high speed. In addition, the SM-ADRC exhibits a good adaptive performance.
Electromagnetic torque contrast waveforms are shown in Fig. 8. When the motor starts, the electromagnetic torque of the SM-ADRC is less than that of a typical ADRC, and there is almost no pulsation in the steady state. At t=2 s, the electromagnetic torque response of the SM-ADRC can track the given value closely and quickly. Therefore, system power consumption and disturbances from electromagnetic and load torque can be dramatically reduced.
Next, we compare the practical performances of controllers among a typical ADRC, PID, and SM-ADRC. The experimental current and speed waveforms are displayed by CCS.
As shown in Fig. 9, when the motor starts with non-load and runs at a low speed of 5 r/min, the SM-ADRC has less current torque pulsation. This shows that the SM-ADRC has better control performance under low speed. As a result, faster positioning of the motor can be achieved for a double closed loop.
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image094.jpg)
Fig. 5 System structure of SM-ADRC speed control for PMSM
Table 1 PMSM parameters for simulation and experiment
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image095.jpg)
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image097.jpg)
Fig. 6 System response comparison of waveforms at low speed
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image099.jpg)
Fig. 7 System response comparison of waveforms at high speed
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image101.jpg)
Fig. 8 Electromagnetic torque comparison of waveforms
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image103.jpg)
Fig. 9 Comparison of SM-ADRC and PID at 5 r/min:
Starting the motor under conditions of no load and 50 r/min speed, the speed and current waveforms are shown in Fig. 10. The results show that the motor, when it starts, has a faster speed and less overshoot under the control of the SM-ADRC. Moreover, the motor has fewer current harmonics and a smaller current torque as id=0.
Starting the motor under conditions of no load and 6000 r/min speed, while maintaining the current operation for 1 min, the resulting speed and current waveforms are shown in Fig. 11. The results show that the control performance of the ADRC and SM-ADRC is close to each other. However, the system controlled by the SM-ADRC has achieved a faster step response without overshoot. Moreover, the ADRC has larger torque ripple at the starting point, and chattering occurs if the motor works at high speed for a long time. By contrast, the system can continuously run under 6000 r/min with high steady-state accuracy and smooth torque based on the performance of the SM-ADRC. In addition, the system can make motor stop quickly and stably to guarantee the reliability and stableness of system.
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image105.jpg)
Fig. 10 Comparison of SM-ADRC and ADRC at 50 r/min:
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image107.jpg)
Fig. 11 Comparison of SM-ADRC and ADRC at 6000 r/min:
In the following experiments, the speed response under various actual situations is considered. Let the moment of inertia be 1.48×10-2 kg·m2, and start the motor without load at a given speed of 200 r/min. Speed waveforms are shown in Fig. 12. It can be seen that the SM-ADRC has a smaller steady-state error and better tuning parameters. Hence, it has smaller overshoot and can provide a smoother transmission into the steady state.
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image109.jpg)
Fig. 12 Comparison of SM-ADRC and ADRC at 200 r/min and 1.48×10-2 kg·m2:
When the moment of inertia changes from 1.48×10-2 kg·m2 to 7.4×10-3 kg·m2, the advantage of the SM-ADRC is easily identified from Fig. 13. Starting the motor under conditions of no load and 200 r/min speed, the results show that the SM-ADRC has smaller overshoot and stronger anti-interference ability. This means that the SM-ADRC is not influenced by external disturbances and has strong robustness.
We used the following test conditions: the moment of inertia changes from 1.48×10-2 kg·m2 to 7.4×10-3 kg·m2, and the given speed is a sine wave whose amplitude and period are from -200 to 200 r/min and 0.3 s, respectively. From Fig. 14, the PID exhibits a large amount of chattering, while the SM-ADRC still has better following performance.
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image111.jpg)
Fig. 13 Comparison of SM-ADRC and PID at 200 r/min and 7.4×10-3 kg·m2:
![](/web/fileinfo/upload/magazine/12533/311550/image113.jpg)
Fig. 14 Comparison of SM-ADRC and PID from -200 to 200 r/min and 7.4×10-3 kg·m2:
6 Conclusions
1) The parameters’ adjustable process can be smoothly controlled by a tracking differentiator (TD), which provides for rapid system response without overshoot. Furthermore, the improved method with fewer adjustable parameters makes parameter tun easier.
2) The application of a sliding-mode ESO can obtain state variables and the system disturbances such as the disturbances caused by variations in the moment of inertia, stator resistance, and inductance, as well as other unknown external disturbances such as load disturbances.
3) By using a sliding-mode NLSEF, all types of disturbances are compensated. Thus, the dynamic and static performance of the control system can be greatly improved.
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(Edited by YANG Hua)
Foundation item: Project(2011AA11A10102) supported by the High-tech Research and Development Program of China
Received date: 2015-07-08; Accepted date: 2015-12-29
Corresponding author: RONG Zhi-lin, PhD, Professor; Tel: +86-18507333309; E-mail: 18507333309@163.com