Microstructure and Radiation Damage of Cu-Nb Alloy Thin Films
Yu Kaiyuan Li Yan Sun Yifan Zhang Gan Zhang Zhanxuan
College of New Energy and Materials,China University of Petroleum-Beijing
Abstract:
Understanding the microstructural response of metals and alloys to the radiation of particles,such as electrons,neutrons,protons and ions,is vital for the service extension of the existed nuclear materials and the development of new radiation-tolerant structural materials for the next generation nuclear energy. It has been shown for decades that the interfaces in metals and alloys are effective in capturing and sinking the radiation-induced point defects and defect clusters,leading to enhanced radiation tolerance. In this study,we have obtained abundant crystal/amorphous interfaces in Cu-Nb alloy thin films,which were later on subject to He ion irradiation. The microstructure and indentation hardness of the pristine and irradiated specimens have been studied and compared. Seven CuxNb100-x(x=15,25,35,50,65,75,85(%,atom fraction))thin film specimens were deposited on oxidized single crystal silicon(100)substrates using magnetron co-sputtering technique at room temperature. The as-deposited thin film specimens were irradiated by 100 keV He ions to the dose of 6×1020 m-2 at room temperature in a vacuum chamber. X-ray diffraction(XRD)results showed that the Cu-Nb thin films were composed of single crystalline phase when the Cu content was ≤25% or ≥75%,as indicated by the exclusive Cu or Nb peaks. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)images revealed that the grains were equiaxed and the average grain size was about 100 nm. Nb-rich or Cu-rich regions were observed at the grain boundaries owing to the high intermixing enthalpy between Cu and Nb. When the Cu content ranged from 35% to 65%,the Cu-Nb thin films were composed of both crystalline and amorphous phases.The crystalline phase was in the form of particles,which embedded uniformly in the amorphous matrix. All of the dual phase specimens showed a wide peak between Cu(111)and Nb(110)in the XRD pattern. The wide peak moved towards Cu(111)with the increasing of Cu content and vice versa. After He irradiation,the He bubbles were observed to reside uniformly within the equiaxed grains of the single phase specimens,showing no preferential distribution. As for the dual phase specimens,the He bubbles however distributed primarily at the crystalline/amorphous interfaces. It was suggested that the preferential distribution of the He bubble might be related to the high energy state of crystalline/amorphous interfaces as well as the unlimited sinking effect of the amorphous phase.An additional possible reason was that the partial crystallization of the amorphous phase might have led to local volume contraction,giving rise to the negative pressure at the interfaces and hence the concentration of He atoms. It was noteworthy that we had not observed complete inhibition of the nucleation of the He bubbles,in contrast to the Cu-Nb multilayers. This is likely due to the bias absorption of interstitials and vacancies at the interfaces. Another possible explanation was that the interfaces density was not sufficiently high such that the critical concentration of He atoms could be reached and the He bubble nucleation occurred. Last,nanoindentation results showed that significant radiation induced hardening for Cu-Nb thin film specimens in which the Cu content was ≤25% or ≥75%.The indentation hardness of these specimens increased by 0.1~0.8 GPa after He ion irradiation. Such hardening behavior could be interpreted using the Taylor hardening model,i.e. the hardening originated from the pinning of dislocations by the He bubbles. In contrast,radiation induced softening was observed in specimens with Cu content ranging from 35% to 65%. This was possibly attributed to radiation induced crystallization,which decreased the volume fraction of the amorphous phase(the hard phase)and hence reduced the average hardness of the specimen.
为探究上述样品的辐照损伤,采用能量为100ke V的He离子进行注入实验。图3为基于KinchPeach方法的SRIM软件模拟结果
[13],表明样品的原子平均离位率(dpa,displacement per atom)和He浓度二者的峰值深度均为300 nm左右,大致处于薄膜厚度方向的中间位置,故主要损伤区域可在双侧减薄的TEM样品中得以保留。
经He离子辐照后样品的微观形貌如图4所示。对于不存在晶体/非晶界面的Cu85Nb15(图4(a))与Cu15Nb85(图4(b))样品,He泡主要呈均匀弥散分布,未见He泡在晶界处明显偏聚。前者He泡密度(单位体积He泡数量)约为8×1023m-3(TEM样品厚度取100 nm),后者He泡密度约为2×1022m-3,这可能源于Nb原子离位能(60 e V)本征高于Cu原子离位能(30 e V)
[14],造成Nb含量高的晶体中较难形成点缺陷。对于内含晶体/非晶界面的Cu65Nb35(图4(c))与Cu35Nb65(图4(d))样品,平均He泡密度为4×1022~6×1022m-3,介于Cu85Nb15与Cu15Nb85样品之间。He泡主要分布在晶体/非晶界面处,而晶体或非晶相内部的He泡难以分辨,这说明晶体/非晶界面对于He原子有较强捕获作用。从能量角度考虑,晶体/非晶界面对He原子的捕获作用源于其界面结构造成的高能态,这与晶体/晶体界面的情况类似
[8]。分子动力学模拟结果已证实,能量越高的界面(如高角晶界),缺陷平均形成能一般越低,这意味着缺陷容易迁移至高能界面处
[7,8]。晶体/非晶界面处原子的配位数低于晶体/晶体界面,因此前者界面能量状态可能更高,故倾向于捕获He原子。由于较多He偏聚于界面处,导致远离界面处的He原子浓度低于He泡形核临界值
[15],故在晶体或非晶相内部少见He泡。应提到的是,非晶本身所处能态也较高,但由于其中可认为不存在点缺陷,缺乏He泡的形核位点,故实验中未观察到He泡在非晶区内分布。此外,He泡在晶体/非晶界面偏聚还可能与辐照诱导非晶区晶化有关,晶化导致局部体积收缩,在非晶边界上造成负压,故吸引He聚集并促进He泡在界面处形核。
图3 动能为100 ke V,剂量为6×1020m-2的He离子辐照Cu50Nb50合金的SRIM模拟结果
Fig.3 SRIM simulation results of Cu50Nb50irradiated by 100ke V He ions to the dose of 6×1020m-2